Ganoderma family in the Mycobank

1. Ganoderma P. Karst. 1881 [LEG; MB17639]

Description (Bazzalo, M.E.; Wright, J.E. 1982, Mycotaxon 16(1): 296)

GANODERMA P.Karst., Rev. Mycol. 3,(9): 17.1881, emend Patouillard, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 5: 67. 1889 Xylophagous polypores producing a white-rot in wood. Basidiome annual or biannual, rarely perennial, pileate. Pileus with an eccentric stem, or sessile and then dimidiate, rarely centrally stipitate. Pileus and stem surfaces (when present) covered with a crust with the consistency and appearance of lacquer which may or not be shiny like varnish, well defined, generally brilliantly coloured. Context corky, fibrous-coriaceous, or somewhat woody, more or less tomentose or fibrillose, sometimes very hard and durable, with various hues of brown, frequently whitish, sometimes with a thin dark brown layer among the tubes. Hymenophore tubular, in one or several layers, generally dark, with a smooth surface. Pores small, mostly circular, almost white, exceptionally golden yellow. Hyphal system trimitic with hyaline, septate, clamped, thin-walled generatives, usually branched and more frequent at the margin. Skeletal hyphae aseptate, thickwalled, light brown, long, wavy, scantily branched,occasionally with dendritic endings, generally more frequent in the context. Binding hyphae scarce, strongly branched and tortuos , aseptate, thick-walled, more slender than the skeletals. Cystidia and setae absent. Basidia short clavate to napiform, 4-spored. Spores ovate-ellipsoid, with a truncate apex and a ± wo-layered cyanophilous wall, the external smooth and hyaline, the internal brown, verrucose or reticulate.
Type species: Ganoderma lucidum (Leys.:Fr.)P.Karst.

2. Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk 1969 [LEG; MB314302]
3. Ganoderma africanum (Lloyd) Doidge 1950 [LEG; MB469296]
4. Ganoderma ahmadii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314303]
5. Ganoderma albocinctum Pat. & Morot 1894 [LEG; MB245520]
6. Ganoderma albomarginatum S.C. He 1989 [LEG; MB126116]
7. Ganoderma alluaudii G. Winter [LEG; MB169411]
8. Ganoderma alluaudii Pat. & Har. 1906 [LEG; MB534670]
9. Ganoderma amazonense Weir 1926 [LEG; MB256601]
10. Ganoderma amboinense (Lam.) Pat. 1887 [LEG; MB297717]
11. Ganoderma amboinense f. lingua (Nees) Pat. 1915 [LEG; MB469297]
12. Ganoderma annulare (Lloyd) Boedijn 1940 [LEG; MB282935]
13. Ganoderma annulare (Fr.) Gilb. 1962 [ILL; MB473322]
14. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB119872]

Culture description (Nobles, M.K. 1948, Canad. J. Res., C 26: 335)

Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.
Cultural characters: (PI. V, Fig. 1; Pl. VI, FigS. 1 t0 4).
Growth characters. Growth moderately rapid in some isolates, plates covered in three weeks, to very slow in others, plates covered in six or more weeks. Advancing zone even, appressed or with slightly raised downy mycelium to limit of growth. Mat white at first and remaining so or becoming "tilleul buff" (9.0YR8.7/1.5) to "avellaneous" (8.0YR 6.2/3.5), "cream buff" (3.0Y8.3/4.5) to "Isabella color" (1.0Y5.5/4.3), or "olive-buff" (4.0Y7.5/3.0) to "dark olive-buff" (4.0Y6.5/4.5) after two to four weeks, the newest growth appressed, translucent, cottony or farinaceous, later opaque, compact, felty or pellicular in scattered areas or over whole surface, the color occurring in these compact areas, frequently wrinkled. Reverse unchanged or "olive-ocher" (3.0Y6.8/6.5) to ' honey yellow" (2.0Y6.7/6.2) under colored areas. Odor none. On gallic and tannic acid agars diffusion zones weak to strong, no growth to 1.0 cm. diameter on gallic acid agar, trace to 1.5 cm. diameter on tannic acid agar.
Hyphal characters. Advancing zone: hyphae hyaline, nodose-septate, branched, the branches usually occurring at the septa, 1.5-4.5 µm diameter. Aerial mycelium: (a) hyphae as in advancing zone; (b) fiber hyphae very numerous, with walls thick and refractive, lumina narrow or apparently lacking, aseptate, frequently branched, 1.0-2.0(-4.5) µm diameter, closely interwoven; (c) cuticular cells (formed at surface of agar) appearing first as swellings on nodose-septate hyphae, with contents staining in phloxine, later empty, with walls slightly thickened, compactly arranged to form pseudoparenchymatous layer; (d) staghorn hyphae present in some isolates. Submerged mycelium: hyphae as in advancing zone.
Type of rot: white mottled rot of broad-leaved or, rarely, coniferous trees.
Descriptions of cultural characters: Badcock (3), Campbell (42), Cartwright and Findlay (51, 52, 53, 55, 56), Davidson, Campbell, and Blaisdell (64), Davidson, Campbell, and Vaughn (67), Fritz (74), Hopp (88), Humphrey and Siggers (92), White (151).
Coleman (59), having made a careful study of the spore wall in several species of Ganoderma, wrote "It would seem to be a character of much greater importance from a systematic standpoint than many of those at present being used in the classification of the Polyporaceae", and "I consider that all forms showing the spore characteristics described should be brought together under the genus Ganoderma Karst". Those taxonomists who concur in this opinion follow Patouillard in including Ganoderma applanatum in this genus, while others who consider the structure of the upper surface of the fruit body as a more important diagnostic character in delimiting the genus, put the species under Fomes applanatus. In the present study, its cultural characters were found to be so similar to those, of the species of Ganoderma examined as to indicate relationship, and to warrant its inclusion in that genus. In fact, its separation from other species of Ganoderma with which it coincides in the key is exceedingly difficult, and information such as that G. oregonense is limited to western conifers and that G. lobatum is rare and will probably not be encountered in Canada, must be considered in addition to Cultural characters in making identifications.

15. Ganoderma applanatum f. australe (Fr.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB451324]
16. Ganoderma applanatum f. laccatum (Kalchbr.) Golovin 1956 [LEG; MB123885]
17. Ganoderma applanatum f. macrosporum C.J. Humphrey & Leus-Palo 1931 [LEG; MB416403]
18. Ganoderma applanatum subsp. australe (Fr.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB493687]
19. Ganoderma applanatum var. laccatum (Kalchbr.) Rea 1922 [LEG; MB123690]
20. Ganoderma applanatum var. laevisporum C.J. Humphrey 1931 [LEG; MB257101]
21. Ganoderma applanatum var. philippinense C.J. Humphrey 1931 [LEG; MB123689]
22. Ganoderma applanatum var. tornatum (Pers.) C.J. Humphrey 1931 [LEG; MB123691]
23. Ganoderma applanatum var. vegetum (Fr.) Rea 1922 [LEG; MB462616]
24. Ganoderma arcuatum Bres. [LEG; MB245238]
25. Ganoderma areolatum Murrill 1912 [LEG; MB451183]
26. Ganoderma argillaceum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB245658]
27. Ganoderma asperulatum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB244996]
28. Ganoderma atkinsonii H. Jahn, Kotl. & Pouzar 1980 [LEG; MB113523]
29. Ganoderma atrum J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314304]
30. Ganoderma aurantiacum Torrend 1932 [LEG; MB469298]
31. Ganoderma aureolum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331168]
32. Ganoderma auriscalpioides Henn. [LEG; MB245438]
33. Ganoderma auriscalpium (Pers.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469299]
34. Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB100745]
35. Ganoderma australe f. arculatum Bres. 1890 [LEG; MB469300]
36. Ganoderma austrofujianense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314305]
37. Ganoderma avellaneum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB245102]
38. Ganoderma bakeri Pat. 1915 [LEG; MB145178]
39. Ganoderma balabacense Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB144514]
40. Ganoderma barretoi Torrend 1909 [LEG; MB304910]
41. Ganoderma barrettii Torrend 1908 [LEG; MB145019]
42. Ganoderma bataanense (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB144683]
43. Ganoderma bataanense f. laterale Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB145152]
44. Ganoderma bataanense f. laterale Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB536856]
45. Ganoderma baudonii Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331169]
46. Ganoderma baumii Pilát 1932 [LEG; MB258270]
47. Ganoderma bavianum Pat. 1890 [LEG; MB144483]
48. Ganoderma bavianum f. mesopodum Pat. 1890 [LEG; MB144846]
49. Ganoderma bavianum f. mesopodum Pat. 1890 [LEG; MB536862]
50. Ganoderma bawanglingense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1987 [LEG; MB133211]
51. Ganoderma bibadiostriatum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331170]
52. Ganoderma bicharacteristicum X.Q. Zhang 1994 [LEG; MB363218]
53. Ganoderma bilobum Bres. 1910 [LEG; MB469301]
54. Ganoderma boleticeps Pat. 1889 [INV; MB469302]
55. Ganoderma boninense Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB100062]
56. Ganoderma brittonii (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB144819]
57. Ganoderma brownii (Murrill) Gilb. 1962 [LEG; MB331171]
58. Ganoderma bruggemanii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314306]
59. Ganoderma buissonii Pat. 1924 [LEG; MB145261]
60. Ganoderma cacainum Bres. 1920 [LEG; MB144600]
61. Ganoderma calcigenum (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469303]
62. Ganoderma calidophilum J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314307]
63. Ganoderma camphoratum M. Zhang & C.H. Su 1990 [LEG; MB451203]
64. Ganoderma cantharelloideum M.H. Liu 1989 [LEG; MB126185]
65. Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng 1963 [LEG; MB314308]
66. Ganoderma carnosum Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB240250]
67. Ganoderma cehengense X.L. Wu 1995 [LEG; MB436795]
68. Ganoderma cervinum Bres. 1916 [LEG; MB240098]
69. Ganoderma chaffangeonii Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB240574]
70. Ganoderma chalceum (Cooke) Steyaert 1967 [LEG; MB331172]
71. Ganoderma chalceum var. latiporum Corner 1983 [LEG; MB117059]
72. Ganoderma chalceum var. lobulatum Corner 1983 [LEG; MB116994]
73. Ganoderma chalceum var. pleiotrichum Corner 1983 [LEG; MB116995]
74. Ganoderma chaperi Pat. 1890 [LEG; MB239946]
75. Ganoderma chenghaiense J.D. Zhao 1989 [LEG; MB536210]
76. Ganoderma chilense (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469304]
77. Ganoderma chiungchungense X.L. Wu 1997 [LEG; MB442943]
78. Ganoderma chonoides Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331173]
79. Ganoderma citriporum Ryvarden & Iturr. 2004 [LEG; MB367392]
80. Ganoderma clemensiae (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB240391]
81. Ganoderma cochlear (Blume & T. Nees) Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB100210]
82. Ganoderma cochlear f. pisachapani (Ehrenb. & Nees) Overeem 1927 [LEG; MB251496]
83. Ganoderma coffeatum (Berk.) J.S. Furtado 1967 [LEG; MB331174]
84. Ganoderma colossus (Fr.) C.F. Baker 1918 [LEG; MB251520]
85. Ganoderma comorense (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB240070]
86. Ganoderma comphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su 1990 [INV; MB127545]
87. Ganoderma concinnum Ryvarden 2000 [LEG; MB464689]
88. Ganoderma conicus (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB240415]
89. Ganoderma corrugatum Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331175]
90. Ganoderma costatus (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB239773]
91. Ganoderma crebrostriatum J.D. Zhao & L.W. Hsu 1983 [LEG; MB107983]
92. Ganoderma cupreolaccatum (Kalchbr.) Z. Igmándy 1968 [LEG; MB331176]
93. Ganoderma cupreum (Sacc.) Bres. 1911 [LEG; MB491560]
94. Ganoderma cupulatiprocerum X.L. Wu & Z.Q. Zhang 1996 [LEG; MB434591]
95. Ganoderma curranii Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB240200]
96. Ganoderma curranii var. dimiticum Corner 1983 [INV; MB116996]
97. Ganoderma curtisii (Berk.) Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB100480]
98. Ganoderma dahlii (Henn.) Aoshima 1971 [LEG; MB314310]
99. Ganoderma daiqingshanense J.D. Zhao 1989 [LEG; MB125110]
100. Ganoderma dejongii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314311]
101. Ganoderma densizonatum J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1986 [LEG; MB129980]
102. Ganoderma diabolicum (Berk.) Torrend 1920 [LEG; MB469305]
103. Ganoderma diaoluoshanense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1987 [LEG; MB129976]
104. Ganoderma donkii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314312]
105. Ganoderma dorsale (Lloyd) Torrend 1920 [LEG; MB469306]
106. Ganoderma dubio-cochlear (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB240176]
107. Ganoderma dussii Pat. 1899 [LEG; MB469308]
108. Ganoderma elegantum Ryvarden 2004 [LEG; MB367391]
109. Ganoderma elmeri (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB139812]
110. Ganoderma elmerianum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB249823]
111. Ganoderma eminii Henn. 1893 [LEG; MB372898]
112. Ganoderma endochrum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331177]
113. Ganoderma europaeum Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331178]
114. Ganoderma exile (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469309]
115. Ganoderma expallens Bres. 1925 [LEG; MB250134]
116. Ganoderma fasciatum Har. & Pat. 1903 [LEG; MB469310]
117. Ganoderma fasciculatum Pat. 1895 [LEG; MB469311]
118. Ganoderma fassii Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331179]
119. Ganoderma fassii var. dendroides Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349490]
120. Ganoderma fassii var. guineense Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349491]
121. Ganoderma fassii var. ipamuense Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349492]
122. Ganoderma fassii var. luteobadium Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349493]
123. Ganoderma fassii var. podagrum Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349494]
124. Ganoderma fassii var. ruwenzoriense Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349495]
125. Ganoderma fassioides Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331180]
126. Ganoderma ferreum (Berk.) Overeem & B.A. Steinm. 1923 [LEG; MB264768]
127. Ganoderma fici Pat. 1892 [LEG; MB469312]
128. Ganoderma flabelliforme Murrill 1903 [LEG; MB469313]
129. Ganoderma flaviporum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB139906]
130. Ganoderma flexipes Pat. 1907 [LEG; MB249905]
131. Ganoderma formosanum T.T. Chang & T. Chen 1984 [LEG; MB114113]
132. Ganoderma formosissimum (Speg.) Speg. 1919 [LEG; MB469314]
133. Ganoderma fornicatum (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB451395]
134. Ganoderma frondosum Pat. 1926 [LEG; MB250376]
135. Ganoderma fulvellum Bres. 1889 [LEG; MB469315]
136. Ganoderma fuscum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331181]
137. Ganoderma galegense (Mont.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469316]
138. Ganoderma gelsicola (Berl.) Sacc. 1916 [LEG; MB469317]
139. Ganoderma ghesquierei Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331182]
140. Ganoderma gibbosum (Blume & T. Nees) Pat. 1897 [LEG; MB250058]
141. Ganoderma gibbosum var. pulchellum Bres. 1897 [LEG; MB139852]
142. Ganoderma gilletii Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331183]
143. Ganoderma guadelupense Pat. 1899 [LEG; MB469318]
144. Ganoderma guianensis Decock & Ryvarden 2004 [LEG; MB367390]
145. Ganoderma guinanense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1987 [LEG; MB129979]
146. Ganoderma guizhouense S.C. He 1988 [LEG; MB132952]
147. Ganoderma hainanense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314313]
148. Ganoderma hildebrandii Henn. 1889 [LEG; MB249862]
149. Ganoderma hinnuleum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331184]
150. Ganoderma hoehnelianum Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB243431]
151. Ganoderma hollidayi Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331185]
152. Ganoderma hoploides Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331186]
153. Ganoderma hypoxanthum (Bres.) C.J. Humphrey 1938 [LEG; MB267582]
154. Ganoderma impolitum Corner 1983 [LEG; MB108891]
155. Ganoderma incrassatum (Berk.) Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB243766]
156. Ganoderma incrassatum f. substipitatum Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB139333]
157. Ganoderma incrustatum (Fr.) Bres. 1910 [LEG; MB243596]
158. Ganoderma incrustatum var. bilobum Bres. 1910 [LEG; MB139338]
159. Ganoderma infulgens (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB243907]
160. Ganoderma infundibuliforme (Wakef.) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB243101]
161. Ganoderma insulare Har. & Pat. 1903 [LEG; MB243754]
162. Ganoderma intermedium Bres. & Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB243523]
163. Ganoderma japonicum (Fr.) Sawada 1931 [LEG; MB268353]
164. Ganoderma jianfenglingense X.L. Wu 1996 [LEG; MB436787]
165. Ganoderma koningsbergii (Lloyd) Teng 1963 [LEG; MB331187]
166. Ganoderma kosteri Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314314]
167. Ganoderma kunmingense J.D. Zhao 1989 [LEG; MB125108]
168. Ganoderma laccatum (Kalchbr.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [ILL; MB268767]
169. Ganoderma lamaoense Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314315]
170. Ganoderma leptopus (Pers.) P.W. Graff 1921 [LEG; MB535108]
171. Ganoderma leucocreas Pat. & Har. 1912 [LEG; MB243858]
172. Ganoderma leucophaeum (Mont.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB122747]
173. Ganoderma leytense Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314316]
174. Ganoderma lignosum Pat. 1924 [LEG; MB147829]
175. Ganoderma limushanense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1986 [LEG; MB129973]
176. Ganoderma lingua (Nees) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469319]
177. Ganoderma linhartii (Kalchbr.) Z. Igmándy 1968 [LEG; MB331188]
178. Ganoderma lionnetii Rolland 1901 [LEG; MB148582]
179. Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch) G.F. Atk. 1908 [LEG; MB148315]
180. Ganoderma lloydii Pat. & Har. 1912 [LEG; MB148672]
181. Ganoderma lobatoideum Steyaert 1980 [LEG; MB113524]
182. Ganoderma lobatum (Schwein.) G.F. Atk. 1908 [LEG; MB286591]
183. Ganoderma longipes (Lév.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469320]
184. Ganoderma longistipitatum Ryvarden 2000 [LEG; MB464690]
185. Ganoderma lorenzianum (Kalchbr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469321]
186. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. 1881 [LEG; MB148413]

Culture description (Bazzalo, M.E.; Wright, J.E. 1982, Mycotaxon 16(1): 300)

Cultural features Figs. 75-79, 81-82, 88-90, 107.
Strains: BAFC n°112 = ARGENTINA: Catamarca, Dique de Collagasta leg. Laterra, 14.1.1981. BAFC n°815 ibid.
Code Number: 2. 3. 8. 10. 37. 39. 45. 53. 54. 55.
Macroscopic characters: growth slow, covering Petri dishes in 5 weeks. Mycelium mat not dense, adhering to agar, arranged in concentric bands the first week, alternatively white and ochraceous (Pl. 11 K 1). After the 4th week it becomes totally ochraceous yellowish with more or less darker concentric bands (Fig. 107). Texture completely farinaceous, margin subfelty. Reverse:discoloration brown. Margen regular, border smooth. Odour sweetish. Oxidase reaction: with tannic acid= ++++ with growht; with gallic acid= ++++ without growth; with gum guaic = +.
Microscopic features: marginal mycelium formed only by generative, clamped hyphae, with septa restricted to clamps, scarcely branched, 2,5 µm diam. (Figs. 88-90); during the 2nd week fibrous hyphae appear, slender, hyaline, thick-walled, clampless, heavily branched, 1-2 µm diam. (Figs. 77-78). Ochraceous yellowish mycelium formed by: i) generative hyhae as above; ii) clamped, thick-walled hyphae, golden, unbranched, 2-7 µm diam., of uniform thickness or like rosary beads (Figs. 79, 81-82); iii) stag-horn clamped hyphae, thick-walled , with numerous branches, generally dichotomic, projecting in several planes, 1-3 µm diam., or with short branches laterally disposed in a single plane at regular intervals, 2-3 µm diam.; iv) globose, thin-walled golden yellow cuticular cells which are very abundant, tightly packed forming a "pseudoparenchyma", 5-20 µm (Figs. 75-76); v) fiber hyphae as in the margin, scarce. Submerged mycelium similar to aerial.
These cultures are characterized by a strongyellowish colour that extends to all the mycelial layer, whereas in other species it is limited to a few spots and is not so intense. The cultures resemble those of G. subamboinense var. laevisporum but differ in the lack of chlamydospores.
For a long time the G. lucidum-complex has been a difficult problem for taxonomists. It has been a tradition to consider all the stipitate forms as G. lucidum s. str. and the sessile olies as G. resinaceum (= G. sessile Murr.). This distinction has an absolute lack of anatomical foundation. When one deals with a large number of specimens, clear distinctions appear with regard to spore ornamentation, whatever the macroscopic configuration may be. This had already been observed by Haddow (1931) and was only reconfirmed 35 years later by Steyaert (1967a). Haddow termed the spores of G. lucidum as of the "rugose" type. Unfortunately the holotype of this species has not been found, although Steyaert (1972) states there is a coloured illustration of such specimen in Flora Londinensis (1781), which was collected at Peckham, S of London. This would constitute the present type of the species. However, such an illustration does not reveal the spore features. Attempts to find a neotype at Peckham have failed. Karsten, the founder of the genus, left at H a specimen with the same type of "rugose" spores (Steyaert, 1972), which could be selected as neotype and thus arrive at a satisfactory "modus vivendi" to distinguish among both species.

Culture description (Nobles, M.K. 1948, Canad. J. Res., C 26: 336)

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fries) Karst.
Cultural characters: (PI. V, Fig. 3; Pl. VI, Figs. 9 to 13).
Growth characters. Growth rapid, plates covered in two weeks. Advancing zone even, raised aerial mycelium extending to limit of growth. Mat white and remaining so or becoming "wood brown" (7.0YR5.7/4.0) (two weeks), with color subsequently masked by overgrowth of whitish 'bloom', at first slightly raised, cottony, then appressed, felty to pellicular with farinaceous surface, traversed by deep wrinkles or grooves. Reverse unchanged for two or three weeks, then with scattered patches of "honey yellow" (2.0Y6.7/6.2) to "buckthorn brown" (8.0YR4.8/6.5), finally bleached, with wrinkles prominent, producing a veined appearance. No odor. On gallic acid agar diffusion zone weak to strong, no growth or diameter up to 4.0 cm.; on tannic acid agar diffusion zone moderately strong to strong, diameter 2.0-4.0 cm.
Hyphal characters. Advancing zone: hyphae hyaline, nodose-septate, 2.2-4.5(-6.0) µm diameter. Aerial mycelium (thin tough skin that peels from agar): (a) hyphae as in advancing zone, with frequent branches and numerous small projections; (b) fiber hyphae very numerous, with walls thick and refractive, lumina narrow or apparently lacking, except in main hyphae, frequently branched, the ends long, slender, curving and interwoven, 1.0-3.0 µm diameter; (c) cuticular cells thin-walled, produced by inflation of nodose-septate hyphae, at first with contents staining in phloxine, then empty, closely compacted and interwoven with fiber hyphae and staghorn hyphae to form pseudoparenchymatous layer, which may remain hyaline or become brown; (d) chlamydospores very numerous, walls slightly thickened, terminal and intercalary, broadly ovoid to elongate, 12.0-21.0 x 7.5-10.5 ìm; (e) staghorn branched hyphae with minute branches in all planes very numerous in 10222, not observed in other isolates. Submerged mycelium: (a) nodose-septate hyphae and (b) chlamydospores as described above.
Type of rot: soft spongy white rot of broad-leaved trees (see below).
Descriptions of cultural characters: Davidson, Campbell, and Blaisdell (64) (under Polyporus lucidus), Davidson, Campbell, and Vaughn (67) (under P. lucidus), Humphrey and Siggers (92).
As a result of a comparison of European collections of Polyporus lucidus, which occurs commonly on broad-leaved trees and more rarely on coniferous trees in Europe, with American collections of Ganoderma tsugae from coniferous trees, usually Tsuga spp., Atkinson (2) concluded that they should be brought together in one species, Ganoderma pseudoboletum. Haddow (79) made a critical study of European and American collections of G. lucidum and American collections of G. tsugae and concluded that there were no constant morphological differences and that host specificity was not a valid basis for separation of the species. Therefore he agreed with Atkinson in placing the two under one species, for which he used the accepted name, Ganoderma lucidum. Boyce (35), Lowe (99), and others have followed this practice, but Overholts (119) has retained G. (Polyporus) tsugae in specific rank. In the present study the three cultures of G. lucidum isolated from fruit bodies on broad-leaved trees were distinguishable from the four cultures of G. tsugae from Tsuga spp. on the basis of clamydospore production, which was prolific in all the cultures of G. lucidum and completely lacking in those of G. tsugae. Because of this difference, the species have been treated separately, but this does not constitute an argument for their separation in taxonomic studies, since the number of isolates in each species is too small to provide convincing evidence. Interfertility tests are required to establish conclusively whether one or two species are involved.
Ganoderma lucidum is unique among the Ganoderma species studied in having chlamydospores and therefore its key pattern does not coincide with that for any of the other species.

187. Ganoderma lucidum f. alneum Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB494351]
188. Ganoderma lucidum f. annulatum Torrend 1920 [LEG; MB269832]
189. Ganoderma lucidum f. boninense Pat. 1887 [LEG; MB494349]
190. Ganoderma lucidum f. hemisphaericum Torrend 1920 [LEG; MB269833]
191. Ganoderma lucidum f. martellii (Bres.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB494352]
192. Ganoderma lucidum f. naiae Chona & Munjal 1956 [LEG; MB352112]
193. Ganoderma lucidum f. noukahivensis Pat. 1887 [LEG; MB494350]
194. Ganoderma lucidum f. rubellum Torrend 1920 [LEG; MB269834]
195. Ganoderma lucidum subsp. resinaceum (Boud.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB493688]
196. Ganoderma lucidum subsp. valesiacum (Boud.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB493689]
197. Ganoderma lucidum var. badium Pat. 1899 [LEG; MB469322]
198. Ganoderma lucidum var. nicotianae (Inglese) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB148227]
199. Ganoderma lucidum var. orbiformis (Fr.) Rick 1960 [INV; MB349496]
200. Ganoderma lucidum var. orbiformis (Fr.) Rick 1960 [LEG; MB255014]
201. Ganoderma lucidum var. resinaceum (Boud.) Maire 1933 [LEG; MB269835]
202. Ganoderma lucidum var. resinosum Pat. [LEG; MB148759]
203. Ganoderma lucidum var. typicum Maire 1933 [INV; MB269836]
204. Ganoderma lusambilaense Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331189]
205. Ganoderma luteicinctum Corner 1983 [LEG; MB108892]
206. Ganoderma luteomarginatum J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314317]
207. Ganoderma luteum Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331190]
208. Ganoderma macer (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469323]
209. Ganoderma magniporum J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1984 [LEG; MB124473]
210. Ganoderma maitlandii Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331191]
211. Ganoderma maitlandii var. ellipsosporum Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB349497]
212. Ganoderma malayanum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331192]
213. Ganoderma malosporum (Lév.) Pat. 1894 [LEG; MB469324]
214. Ganoderma mangiferae (Lév.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB101724]
215. Ganoderma mangiferae Pat. 1903 [INV; MB473548]
216. Ganoderma manoutchehrii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314318]
217. Ganoderma mastoporum (Lév.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB122837]
218. Ganoderma mediosinense J.D. Zhao 1988 [LEG; MB135312]
219. Ganoderma megaloma (Lév.) Bres. 1913 [LEG; MB416404]
220. Ganoderma megalosporum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331193]
221. Ganoderma meijangense J.D. Zhao 1988 [LEG; MB133208]
222. Ganoderma melanophaeum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331194]
223. Ganoderma meredithae Adask. & Gilb. 1988 [LEG; MB263567]
224. Ganoderma mexicanum Pat. 1898 [LEG; MB469325]
225. Ganoderma microsporum R.S. Hseu 1989 [LEG; MB136712]
226. Ganoderma miniatocinctum Steyaert 1967 [LEG; MB331195]
227. Ganoderma mirabile (Lloyd) C.J. Humphrey 1938 [LEG; MB271365]
228. Ganoderma mirivelutinum J.D. Zhao 1988 [LEG; MB135314]
229. Ganoderma mollicarnosum (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB147865]
230. Ganoderma mongolicum Pilát 1940 [LEG; MB286592]
231. Ganoderma multicorne Ryvarden 2000 [LEG; MB505875]
232. Ganoderma multipileatum Hou 1950 [LEG; MB344109]
233. Ganoderma multiplicatum (Mont.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB357308]
234. Ganoderma multiplicatum var. vitalii Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB353486]
235. Ganoderma namutambalaense Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331196]
236. Ganoderma neglectum Pat. 1887 [LEG; MB536211]
237. Ganoderma neojaponicum Imazeki 1939 [LEG; MB272144]
238. Ganoderma neurosporum J.S. Furtado 1967 [LEG; MB331197]
239. Ganoderma nevadense Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB141383]
240. Ganoderma nigrolucidum (Lloyd) D.A. Reid 1975 [LEG; MB314319]
241. Ganoderma nitens (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB473902]
242. Ganoderma nitens Lázaro Ibiza 1916 [ILL; MB451357]
243. Ganoderma nitidum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB141052]
244. Ganoderma noukahivense Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB416405]
245. Ganoderma nutans (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469326]
246. Ganoderma obockense Pat. 1887 [LEG; MB536212]
247. Ganoderma obockense f. desertorum Pat. & Har. 1900 [LEG; MB494353]
248. Ganoderma ochrolaccatum (Mont.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB140898]
249. Ganoderma ochrolaccatum var. cornucopiae Henn. 1892 [LEG; MB469328]
250. Ganoderma oerstedii (Fr.) Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB445576]
251. Ganoderma ohiensis (Berk.) Coker 1927 [LEG; MB272787]
252. Ganoderma omphalodes (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469329]
253. Ganoderma opacum (Berk. & Mont.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB454389]
254. Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden 2000 [LEG; MB464692]
255. Ganoderma oregonense Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB141301]
256. Ganoderma oroflavum (Lloyd) Teng 1963 [LEG; MB331198]
257. Ganoderma oroleucum Pat. & Har. 1906 [LEG; MB141628]
258. Ganoderma ostracodes Pat. 1913 [LEG; MB140978]
259. Ganoderma ostreatum Lázaro Ibiza 1916 [LEG; MB141406]
260. Ganoderma ostreatum var. hemicycla Lázaro Ibiza 1917 [LEG; MB469330]
261. Ganoderma pallens Pat. 1923 [LEG; MB141079]
262. Ganoderma papillatum (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB242228]
263. Ganoderma parviungulatum J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1986 [LEG; MB129981]
264. Ganoderma parvulum Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB241944]
265. Ganoderma pernanum Pat. 1924 [LEG; MB241658]
266. Ganoderma perturbatum (Lloyd) Torrend [LEG; MB451184]
267. Ganoderma perzonatum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB534208]
268. Ganoderma petchii (Lloyd) Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314320]
269. Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres. 1889 [LEG; MB241478]
270. Ganoderma pfeifferi var. borneense Corner 1983 [LEG; MB116997]
271. Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Bres. 1932 [LEG; MB314321]
272. Ganoderma platense Speg. 1926 [LEG; MB242170]
273. Ganoderma plicatum Pat. 1915 [LEG; MB146526]
274. Ganoderma polychromum (Copel.) Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB469331]
275. Ganoderma polymorphum Cleland 1936 [LEG; MB491563]
276. Ganoderma praelongum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB146500]
277. Ganoderma praetervisum Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB146842]
278. Ganoderma praetervisum var. mesopodum Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469332]
279. Ganoderma preussii Henn. 1891 [LEG; MB469333]
280. Ganoderma pseudoboletus (Speg.) Pat. 1909 [ILL; MB469334]
281. Ganoderma pseudoboletus (Jacq.) Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB469335]
282. Ganoderma pseudoferreum (Wakef.) Overeem & B.A. Steinm. 1925 [LEG; MB275426]
283. Ganoderma puberulum Pat. 1914 [LEG; MB141133]
284. Ganoderma puglisii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314322]
285. Ganoderma pulchella Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB469336]
286. Ganoderma pullatum (Berk. ex Cooke) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB356615]
287. Ganoderma pullatum var. pleuropodium Pat. 1928 [LEG; MB275653]
288. Ganoderma pulverulentum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB241633]
289. Ganoderma pygmoideum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331199]
290. Ganoderma ramosii (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB241923]
291. Ganoderma ramosissimum J.D. Zhao 1989 [LEG; MB125109]
292. Ganoderma ravenelii Steyaert 1980 [LEG; MB113525]
293. Ganoderma renidens Bres. 1896 [LEG; MB469337]
294. Ganoderma renii S.C. He 1995 [LEG; MB413102]
295. Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. 1889 [LEG; MB123196]
296. Ganoderma resinaceum f. quercinum Dzhaf. 1955 [LEG; MB349498]
297. Ganoderma resinaceum var. alneum Bourdot & Galzin 1925 [LEG; MB276281]
298. Ganoderma resinaceum var. martellii Bres. 1892 [LEG; MB469338]
299. Ganoderma reticulatosporum (Van der Byl) D.A. Reid 1973 [LEG; MB314323]
300. Ganoderma rhacodes Pat. 1914 [LEG; MB146661]
301. Ganoderma rivulosum Pat. & Har. 1906 [LEG; MB146344]
302. Ganoderma rothwellii Steyaert 1980 [LEG; MB113526]
303. Ganoderma rotundatum J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314324]
304. Ganoderma rubeolum Bres. 1925 [LEG; MB146192]
305. Ganoderma rubrum (Lázaro Ibiza) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB146443]
306. Ganoderma rude (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469339]
307. Ganoderma rufoalbum Bres. & Pat. 1914 [LEG; MB236870]
308. Ganoderma rufobadium Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB236794]
309. Ganoderma rugosissimus (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB237213]
310. Ganoderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB114496]
311. Ganoderma rugosum Fr. [LEG; MB236621]
312. Ganoderma rugosum var. nigrozonatum Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB138974]
313. Ganoderma sanmingense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1987 [LEG; MB129977]
314. Ganoderma sarasinii Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331200]
315. Ganoderma schomburgkii (Mont. & Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469340]
316. Ganoderma scleropodium (Lév.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469341]
317. Ganoderma sculpturatum (Lloyd) Ryvarden 1989 [LEG; MB126289]
318. Ganoderma sect. Amauroderma Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB700199]
319. Ganoderma septatum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331201]
320. Ganoderma sequoiae Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB236646]
321. Ganoderma sessile Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB237038]
322. Ganoderma sessiliforme Murrill 1912 [LEG; MB469342]
323. Ganoderma shandongense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1986 [LEG; MB129982]
324. Ganoderma shangsiense J.D. Zhao 1988 [LEG; MB133209]
325. Ganoderma sichuanense J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1983 [LEG; MB107984]
326. Ganoderma sikorae Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB123324]
327. Ganoderma silveirae Torrend 1909 [LEG; MB249556]
328. Ganoderma simaoense J.D. Zhao 1988 [LEG; MB135313]
329. Ganoderma simulans Wakef. 1922 [LEG; MB278203]
330. Ganoderma sinense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314325]
331. Ganoderma soniense Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331202]
332. Ganoderma soyeri Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331203]
333. Ganoderma sprucei Pat. 1894 [LEG; MB469343]
334. Ganoderma staneri Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331204]
335. Ganoderma steyaertanum B.J. Smith & Sivasith. 2003 [LEG; MB488356]
336. Ganoderma stipitatum (Murrill) Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB451185]
337. Ganoderma stratoideum S.C. He 1989 [LEG; MB126114]
338. Ganoderma subamboinense (Henn.) Bazzalo & J.E. Wright ex Moncalvo & Ryvarden 1997 [LEG; MB249603]
339. Ganoderma subamboinense var. laevisporum Bazzalo & J.E. Wright 1982 [LEG; MB117102]
340. Ganoderma subfornicatum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB249067]
341. Ganoderma subfulvum (Cooke) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469344]
342. Ganoderma subgen. Trachyderma Imazeki 1939 [LEG; MB700200]
343. Ganoderma subincrustatum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB244737]
344. Ganoderma sublucidum (Beeli) Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331205]
345. Ganoderma subperforatum G.F. Atk. 1908 [LEG; MB244583]
346. Ganoderma subrenatum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter 1912 [LEG; MB244068]
347. Ganoderma subresinosum (Murrill) C.J. Humphrey 1938 [LEG; MB279337]
348. Ganoderma subrugosum Bres. & Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB536213]
349. Ganoderma substipitata Bres. 1915 [LEG; MB469345]
350. Ganoderma subtornatum Murrill 1907 [LEG; MB244187]
351. Ganoderma subtuberculosum Murrill 1945 [LEG; MB286593]
352. Ganoderma subumbraculum Imazeki 1939 [LEG; MB279417]
353. Ganoderma sulcatum Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB149205]
354. Ganoderma tenue J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang 1979 [LEG; MB314326]
355. Ganoderma testaceum (Lév.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB454553]
356. Ganoderma theaecola J.D. Zhao 1984 [LEG; MB536214]
357. Ganoderma tibetanum J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1983 [LEG; MB124307]
358. Ganoderma tornatum (Pers.) Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB123472]
359. Ganoderma tornatum var. subtornatum (Murrill) P.W. Graff 1921 [LEG; MB280401]
360. Ganoderma tornatum var. tornatum 1912 [LEG; MB425575]
361. Ganoderma torosum Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331206]
362. Ganoderma torrendii (Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB149543]
363. Ganoderma trengganuense Corner 1983 [LEG; MB108893]
364. Ganoderma triangulum J.D. Zhao & L.W. Hsu 1984 [LEG; MB106832]
365. Ganoderma triviale Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB149550]
366. Ganoderma tropicum (Jungh.) Bres. 1910 [LEG; MB149294]
367. Ganoderma trulla Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314327]
368. Ganoderma trulliforme Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314328]
369. Ganoderma trulliforme var. radicicola Corner 1983 [LEG; MB116998]
370. Ganoderma tsugae Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB239416]

Culture description (Nobles, M.K. 1948, Canad. J. Res., C 26: 338)

Ganoderma tsugae Murr.
Cultural characters: (PI. V, Fig. 5; Pl. VI, Figs. 17 to 20).
Growth characters. Growth moderately rapid, plates covered in three to four weeks. Advancing zone even, hyaline, submerged or appressed. Mat white at first and remaining so or developing scattered, more or less extensive, colored areas-"mustard yellow" (2.0Y 7.8/7. S), "primuline yellow" (1.5Y7.5/9.5), "chamois" (2.0Y7.5/5.8), "honey yellow" (2.0Y6.7/6.2), and "buckthorn brown" (8.0YR4.8/6.5)-the white areas subfelty to felty, with farinaceous surface and scattered dots of more compact mycelium, the colored areas crust-like or lacking aerial mycelium and then with the whole surface glazed, all with conspicuous anastomosing and branching wrinkles and furrows cut into the agar and producing a veined appearance when viewed through the agar. Reverse "honey yellow" (2.0Y6.7/6.2), sometimes bleached in part. Odor none. On gallic and tannic acid agars diffusion zones moderately strong, no growth on gallic acid agar, diameter 1.5-2.0 cm. on tannic acid agar.
Hyphal characters. Advancing zone: hyphae hyaline, nodose-septate, 2.2-4.5 µmdiameter. Aerial mycelium: (a) hyphae as in advancing zone, frequently empty; (b) fiber hyphae, with walls thick and refractive, lumina narrow or apparently lacking, frequently branched, 1.5-4.0 µmdiameter; (c) cuticular cells, globose or subglobose, at first with contents staining in phloxine, then empty or with yellow or brown contents, closely packed to form a firm skin, cartilaginous in texture; (d) staghorn hyphae present in some isolates, apparently lacking in others. Submerged mycelium: (a) hyphae as in advancing zone; (b) crystals numerous, octahedral.
Type of rot: soft spongy white rot of dead coniferous trees.
Descriptions of cultural characters: Davidson, Campbell, and Blaisdell (64).
The cultural characters that have been used in separating Ganoderma lucidum and G. Tsugae are stated in the discussion under G. lucidum. Culturally these two species are sufficiently distinct not to coincide in the key, but G. tsugae bas the same key pattern as G. oregonense and G. applanatum, and it is difficult to separate them on the basis of cultural characters. Distribution and host are helpful, in that G. tsugae is confined to eastern conifers. G. oregonense to western coniferous trees, and G. applanatum, while widely distributed, occurs more frequently on broad-leaved trees than on conifers.

371. Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae Wasser, Zmitr. & M. Didukh 2006 [LEG; MB504446]
372. Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae Wasser, Zmitr. & M. Didukh 2006 [LEG; MB532860]
373. Ganoderma tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) Trotter 1925 [LEG; MB239660]
374. Ganoderma tuberculosum Murrill 1908 [LEG; MB239182]
375. Ganoderma tumidum Bres. 1911 [LEG; MB238972]
376. Ganoderma turbinatum Ipulet & Ryvarden 2005 [LEG; MB344087]
377. Ganoderma umbraculum (Fr.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469346]
378. Ganoderma umbrinum Bres. 1912 [LEG; MB142356]
379. Ganoderma ungulatum J.D. Zhao & X.Q. Zhang 1984 [LEG; MB106833]
380. Ganoderma valesiacum Boud. 1894 [LEG; MB416406]
381. Ganoderma vanheurnii Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314329]
382. Ganoderma vanmeelii Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331207]
383. Ganoderma variabile (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469347]
384. Ganoderma vivianimercedianum Torres-Torres 2008 [LEG; MB511309]
385. Ganoderma weberianum (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Steyaert 1972 [LEG; MB314330]
386. Ganoderma williamsianum Murrill 1907 [LEG; MB141987]
387. Ganoderma wuhuense X.F. Ren 1994 [LEG; MB362090]
388. Ganoderma wynaadense Steyaert 1962 [LEG; MB331208]
389. Ganoderma xanthocreas Pat. 1927 [LEG; MB282167]
390. Ganoderma xingyiense S.C. He 1989 [LEG; MB126115]
391. Ganoderma xylodes (Berk.) Pat. 1889 [LEG; MB469348]
392. Ganoderma xylonoides Steyaert 1961 [LEG; MB331209]
393. Ganoderma zhenningense S.C. He 1995 [LEG; MB363416]
394. Ganoderma zonatum Murrill 1902 [LEG; MB142504]

Description (Bazzalo, M.E.; Wright, J.E. 1982, Mycotaxon 16(1): 321)

GANODERMA ZONATUM Murrill, Bull. Torrey bot. cl. 29: 606. 1902; North Amer. F1. 9 (2): 120. 1908.
= G. sulcatum Murr., ibid. 29: 607. 1902; North Amer. F1. 9 (2): 120. 1908 (NY).
Figs. 17-22; 51-56; 59,
Annual, isolated, dimidiate and laterally stipitate, or several pilei imbricate on a common stem, 6-20 x 4,5-20 x 0,5-5 cm. Pileus surface smooth or concentrically sulcate,
usually with 1-3 furrows, the inner one usually deeper, thus exhibiting a wavy appearance, sometimes also radially rugose; laccate, brilliant, central zone reddish brown (P1. 7 1 11) becoming lighter towards the margin with a narrow orange brownish marginal band (Pl. 12 D 11)', often delimited by the external furrow and the margin (Figs. 17, 19-20). Margin sterile, blunt, straight, yellowish whitish (Pl. 11 B 1). Stem concolorous with pileus, laccate, brilliant, 3,5-5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, vertical,cylindric or depressed. Section 8-10 mm deep at about half the radius, thicker at the base. Cutis thin, black, brilliant. Context brown (P1. 14 C 12), slightly lighter at the surface of pileus, 3-44 mm thick, corky, soft. Dermis of the "hymenodermis"type, composed of the claviform ends of skeletal hyphae arranged in a palisadelike hymenium, 6-11 µm diam., with small lumina, blunt ends and thick, golden walls; dermis 17-33 µm thick (Fig. 62). Hymenophore poroid, tube layer 1-5,5 mm long, slightly lighter than context (P1. 13 C 8), decurrent on stem, concolorous with margin, pores 3-5 per mm, 98-267 µm diam., circular to subangular, greyish to slightly brownish upon maturation (Figs. 18, 21-22); dissepiments 30-89 µm. Hymenium not persistent, composed only of scant basidia, 4-spored, 11-17 x 7-11 µm (Fig. 59). Basidiospores of the "semirugose" type, very characteristic, ellipsoid, long and slender, with truncate apex or, more frequently, rounded, 11-14 x 5-7 µm, perisporium hyaline, smooth and thin, endosporic pillars numerous, reaching the perisporium and slightly rumpling it, thus making it appear slightly rugose; endospore golden and thick (Figs. 51-56). Hyphal system trimitic, with hyaline, thinwalled, clamped generatives, with septa restricted to clamps, sparsely or not at all branched, 2-4 µm diam., present in the growth margin of pileus and dissepiments (Fig. 71). Skeletals of the "arboriform" type, long, with a thick, golden wall, clampless, aseptate, with 2-3 branches of same diam. As mother hyphae at distal end (Fig. 68), 3-6 µm diam., the most abundant in the context and dissepiments. Binding hyphae of the "Bovista" type, clampless, aseptate, of limited growth, heavily branched, generally thinner and lighter than skeletals, 1-3 µm diam., thick-walled, restricted to the context (Figs. 69-70).
Hosts: on dead stem of palm (Butia yatay) and dead wood and roots of living Tipuana tipu.
Distribution: U. S. (Florida, Georgia); ARGENTINA (Corrientes and Entre Rios ).
Material studied: ARGENTINA: Corrientes: Dept°Cosme, Paso de la Patria, leg. Singer, 5.IV.1957 (BAFC 24416 ; Mburucuyd, Estancia Santa Teresa, leg. Pedersen, 29.111.1977 (BAFC 24414). Entre Rios: Parque
Nacional El Palmar, leg. Mercuri, 25.11.1979 (BAFC 2444T-UNITED STATES: Florida leg. Underwood, 1914 (HOLOTYPE NY!); ibid., leg. Lloyd, 1.1897 HOLOTYPE of G.sulcatum Murr., NY!). CUBA: leg. Murrill (BAFC 25601, as G. tuberculosum).
It was not possible to obtain cultures of this species.
According to Murrill, the only differences between G. zonatum and G. sulcatum lie in the pileus surface. Both holotypes were studied in detail, their microscopic features being identical, especially the basidiospores, which are long, slender, ellipsoid, "semirugose" and of the same size. Pores are identical. All this coincides with the Argentine specimens (their spores being very slightly more rugose). We do not agree with Murrill's description in North American Flora, since our measurements of the spores from the holotypes are 11-14 x 5-7 µm and not 8-10 x 4-6 µm as he states, and the pores are 4-5 per mm and not 3-4.
We agree with Steyaert and Overholts that both species are synonyms. The former revised the holotypes in 1962 establish ed their identity, and the latter published them as synonyms but as varieties of P. lucidus Leys.:Fr. under the epithet lucidus var. zonatum (Murr.)Overh. Only interfertility studies will be able to prove whether or not this taxon can be separated from G. lucidum. For the time being we prefer to consider it as separate.
DISCUSSION
According to our studies, the G. lucidum-complex would thus appear to be represented in Argentina by five species, namely, G. lucidum s. str., G. resinaceum (Boud.)Pat., G. zo natum Murr., G. oarstedii (Fr.)Torrend, and G. subamboinense P. Henn. var.laevisporum var. nov. Spegazzini (1926) recorded other species for Argentina, which we have been unable to find in his herbarium, namely G. cupreum, G. sceleton and G. fornicatum. G. platense Speg., whose holotype was studied, resulted another synonym for G. resinaceum. Additional synonyms for this species proved to be G. pulverulentum, G. nitidum and G. subincrustatum. The question of the validity of G. multiplicatum var.vitalii Steyaert, G. lorentzianum Kalchbr., and G. orbiforme Fr. remains pending a thorough study of their respective holotypes.
Since other holotypes and authentic materials of species that have as yet not been found in Argentina were studied, but were recorded from other South American countries, a preliminary general key for the complex has been included in this paper.
The type of dermis is useless for the separation of species, but permits the separation of "complexes" of species, such as in the present case. In this we agree with Steyaert (1972, 1980) and Imazeki (1939); they considered the existence of three or four (Steyaert, 1980) subgenera on this basis. Regarding the hyphal system of basidiome construction, our results confirm those obtained by Hansen (1958).
Cultural studies did not exhibit significative differences and ought to be used with caution. We attempted several methods for germinating spores with the hope of obtaining monosporous cultures in order to verify interfertility patterns, but were unsuccessful. This had been done previously by Merrill (1970) with similar results. We also tried the methods proposed by Aoshima (1953) and Brown (1970) for spores of G. applanatum,but also failed. We did not test Lim's method (1970). Equally unsuccessful were our attempts to obtain monokaryotic mycelia from dikaryotic ones (dedikaryotization). More studies in this line are urgently needed.

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